Appendix B: Table of Combustion Constants

15 сентября, 2013

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Ft3/ft3 of Combustible lb/lb of Combustible

—————————————————————————————————— Experimental

Error in Heats of

Required for Required for Combustion

Combustion Flue Products Combustion Flue Products ±%

подпись: ft3/ft3 of combustible lb/lb of combustible
experimental
error in heats of
required for required for combustion
combustion flue products combustion flue products ±% Density Related*5 Heat of Combustion0

1	Carbon	C	12.01				Gross	Net*1	Gross 14,093e	Netd 14,093e	O2	N2	Air	Co2	H2o	N2	O2 2.664	N2 8.863	Air 11.527	Co2 3.664	H2o	N2 8.863	0.012
2	Hydrogen	H2	2.016	0.00533	187.723	0.06959	325.0	275.0	61Д00	51,623	0.5	1.882	2.382	—	1.0	1.882	7.937	26.41	34.344	—	8.937	26.41	0.015
3	Oxygen	O2	32.000	0.08461	11.819	1.1053
4	Nitrogen	N2	28.016	0.07439′	13.443′	0.9718′
5	Carbon	CO	28.01	0.07404	13.506	0.9672	321.8	321.8	4,347	4,347	0.5	1.882	2.382	1.0	—	1.882	0.571	1.900	2.471	1.571	—	1.900	0.045
6	Monoxide Carbon	Co2	44.01	0.1170	8.548	1.5282
Dioxide Paraffin series CnH2n + 2 7 Methane CH4	16.041	0.4243	23.565	0.5543	1013.2	913.1	23,879	21,520	2.0	7.528	9.528	1.0	2.0	7.528	3.990	13.28	17.265	2.744	2.246	13.28	0.033
8	Ethane	Ca	30.067	0.08029′	12.455′	0.08029′	1792	1641	22,320	20,432	3.5	13.18	16.675	2.0	3.0	13.18	3.725	12.39	16.119	2.927	1.798	12.39	0.030
9	Propane	C3h8	44.092	0.1196′	8.365′	0.08029′	2590	2385	21,661	19,944	5.0	18.82	23.821	3.0	4.0	18.82	3.629	12.07	15.703	2.994	1.634	12.07	0.023
10	«-Butane	C4H10	58.118	0.1582′	6.321′	0.08029′	3370	3113	21,308	19,680	6.5	24.47	30.967	4.0	5.0	24.47	3.579	11.91	15.487	3.029	1.550	11.91	0.022
11	Isobutane	C4H10	58.118	0.1582′	6.321′	0.08029′	3363	3105	21,257	19,629	6.5	24.47	30.967	4.0	5.0	24.47	3.579	11.91	15.487	3.029	1.550	11.91	0.019
12	N-Pentane	C5H12	72.144	0.1904′	5.252′	0.08029′	4016	3709	21,091	19,517	8.0	30.11	38.114	5.0	6.0	30.11	3.548	11.81	15.353	3.050	1.498	11.81	0.025
13	Isopentane	C5H12	72.144	0.1904′	5.252′	0.08029′	4008	3716	21,052	19,478	8.0	30.11	38.114	5.0	6.0	30.11	3.548	11.81	15.353	3.050	1.498	11.81	0.071
14	Neopentane	C5H12	72.144	0.1904′	5.252′	0.08029′	3993	3693	20,970	19,396	8.0	30.11	38.114	5.0	6.0	30.11	3.548	11.81	15.353	3.050	1.498	11.81	0.11
15	N-Hexane	QHM	86.169	0.2274′	0.08029′	0.08029′	4762	4412	20,940	19,403	9.5	35.76	45.260	6.0	7.0	35.76	3.528	11.74	15.266	3.064	1.464	11.74	0.05

Specific Specific Gravity Molecular Density Volume of Air

No. Substance Formula Weight3 lb/ft3 ft3/lb = 1.000 Btu/ft3 Btu/lb

Olefin series CnH2n

16	Ethylene	QH4	28.051	0.07456	13.412	0.9740	1613.8	1513.2	21,644	20,295	3.0	11.29	14.293	2.0	2.0	11.29	3.422	11.39	14.807	3.138	1.285	11.39	0.021
17	Propylene	C3H6	42.077	0.1110′	9.007′	1.4504′	2336	2186	21,041	19,691	4.5	16.94	21.439	3.0	3.0	16.94	3.422	11.39	14.807	3.138	1.285	11.39	0.031
18	N-Butene (butylene)	C4H8	56.102	0.1480′	6.756′	1.9336′	3084	2885	20,840	19,496	6.0	22.59	28.585	4.0	4.0	22.59	3.422	11.39	14.807	3.138	1.285	11.39	0.031
19	Isobutene	C4H8	56.102	0.1480′	6.756′	1.9336′	3068	2869	20,730	19,382	6.0	22.59	28.585	4.0	4.0	22.59	3.422	11.39	14.807	3.138	1.285	11.39	0.031
20	N-Pentene	QH10	70.128	0.1852′	5.400′	2.4190′	3836	3586	20,712	19,363	7.5	28.23	35.732	5.0	5.0	28.23	3.422	11.39	14.807	3.138	1.285	11.39	0.037

Aromatic series CnH2

21	Benzene	QH6	78.107	0.2060′	4.852′	2.6920′	3751	3601	18,210	17,480	7.5 28.23	35.732	6.0	3.0	28.23	3.073	10.22	13.297	3.381	0.692	10.22	0.12
22	Toluene	C7H8	92.132	0.2431′	4.113′	3.1760′	4484	4284	18,440	17,620	9.0 33.88	42.878	7.0	4.0	33.88	3.126	10.4	13.527	3.344	0.782	10.4	0.21
23	Xylene	С8Ню	106.16	0.2803′	3.567′	3.6618′	5230	4980	18,650	17,760	10.5 39.52	50.024	8.0	5.0	39.52	3.165	10.53	13.695	3.317	0.849	10.53	0.36

Miscellaneous gases

24	Acetylene	CA	26.036	0.06971	14.344	0.9107	1499	1448	21,500	20,776	2.5	9.411	11.911	2.0	1.0	9.411	3.073	10.22	13.297	3.381	0.692	10.22	0.16
25	Naphthalene	^10^8	128.16	0.3384′	2.955′	4.4208′	5854®	5654®	17,298®	16,708®	12.0	45.17	57.170	10.0	4.0	45.17	2.996	9.968	12.964	3.434	0.562	9.968	—8
26	Methyl Alcohol	CH3OH	32.041	0.0846′	11.820′	1.1052′	867.9	768.0	10,259	9,078	1.5	5.646	7.146	1.0	2.0	5.646	1.498	4.984	6.482	1.374	1.125	4.984	0.027
27	Ethyl Alcohol	CjHjOH	46.067	0.1216′	8.221′	1.5890′	1600.3	1450.5	13,161	11,929	3.0	11.29	14.293	2.0	3.0	11.29	2.084	6.934	9.018	1.922	1.170	6.934	0.030
28	Ammonia	NH3	17.031	0.0456′	21.914′	0.5961′	441.1	365.1	9,668	8,001	0.75	2.823	3.573	—	1.5	3.323	1.409	4.688	6.097	—	1.587	5.511	0.088
29	Sulfur	S	32.06						3,983	3,983				So2			0.998	3.287	4.285	1.998 So2	—	3.287	0.071
30	Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S	34.076	0.09109′	10.979′	1.1898′	647	596	7,100	6,545	1.5	5.646	7.146	1.0	1.0	5.646	1.409	4.688	6.097	1.880	0.529	4.688	0.30
31	Sulfur Dioxide	So2	64.06	0.1733	5.770	2.264
32	Water vapor	H2o	18.016	0.04758′	21.017′	0.6215′
33	Air	—	28.9	0.07655	13.063	1.0000

Appendix B

Note: All gas volumes corrected to 60°F and 30 in. Hg dry. For gases saturated with water at 60°F/1.73% of the British thermal unit value must be deducted.

A Calculated from atomic weights given in Journal of the American Chemical Society, February 1937.

B Densities calculated from values given in grams per liter at open cycle and 760 mm in the International Critical Tables allowing for the known deviations from the gas laws. Where the coefficient of expansion was not available, the assumed value was taken as 0.0037/°C. Compare this with 0.003662, which is the coefficient for a perfect gas. Where no densities were available, the volume of the mole was taken as 22.4115 L.

C Converted to mean British thermal units per pound (1/180 of the heat per pound of water from 32 to 212°F) from data by Frederick D. Rossini, National Bureau of Standards, letter of April 10, 1937, except as noted.

D Deduction from gross to net heating value determined by deducting 18,919 Btu/lb mol of water in the products of combustion. Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings, Mechanical Engineering, p. 163, March 1935, and Osborne, Stimson, and Fiock, National Bureau of Standards Research Paper 209.

E National Bureau of Standards, RP 1141.

F Denotes that either the density or the coefficient of expansion has been assumed. Some of the materials cannot exist as gases at 60°F and 30 in. Hg pressure, in which case the values are theoretical ones given for ease of calculation of gas problems. Under the actual concentrations in which these materials are present, their partial pressure is low enough to keep them as gases.

S From third edition of Combustion.

Source: Based on Fuel Flue Gases, 1941 Edition, courtesy of American Gas Association.

[1] The stress values decrease rather rapidly at high temperatures.

• The deterioration is more marked with carbon steel, limiting its usage at elevated temperatures >450°C (~850°F).

• SA 302 is a popular alloy plate material for high-pressure drums due to its sustained high tensility.

• Cr material, 9%, is very well suited for high-temperature tubes and pipes because of its much higher stresses.